Where in the cell can most photobiomodulation effects be explained?

Most photobiomodulation effects are explained by processes occurring in the mitochondria. Mitochondria are often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell, as they are responsible for producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of the cell. When exposed to specific wavelengths of light during photobiomodulation, mitochondrial activity can be enhanced, leading to increased ATP production.

This process can stimulate various cellular functions, such as promoting healing, reducing inflammation, and improving cellular metabolism. The interaction between light and mitochondrial chromophores, particularly cytochrome c oxidase, plays a significant role in this enhancement. Therefore, the mitochondria are central to understanding the effects of photobiomodulation, making them the primary site of action in the context of this question.